"The Unintended Consequences of Politicization of the Belt and Road’s China-Europe Freight Train Initiative. BRI's goals include internal state-building and stabilisation of ethnic unrest for its vast inland western regions such as Xinjiang and Yunnan, linking these less developed regions, with increased flows of international trade facilitating closer economic integration with China's inland core. Zu welchem Preis? [73][74], As part of its Silk Road strategy, China is participating in large areas of Africa in the construction and operation of train routes, roads, airports and industry. And national interest issues on foreign affairs are determined by the federal government, and I respect their jurisdiction when it comes to the issues they’re responsible for and it’s always been the usual practice for states to respect and recognise the role of the federal government in setting foreign policy". Other nations with a similar risk of sovereignty slicing are Pakistan, Madagascar, Mongolia, Maldives, Kyrgyzstan Montenegro, Sri Lanka and Laos which are heavily in Chinese debt trap. The Karot Hydropower Project, 50 km (31 mi) from Islamabad, Pakistan is the first project. This concerns the networked nature of financial centers and the vital role of advanced business services (e.g. He added: "But let me make this clear: a future Labor government would not be signing a Belt and Road agreement with China. The shorter transport means, on the one hand, better use of the liner ships for the shipping companies and, on the other hand, considerable ecological advantages, also with regard to the lower CO2 emissions, because shipping is a heavy burden on the climate. Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), p 112. [120] China contends that the initiative has provided markets for commodities, improved prices of resources and thereby reduced inequalities in exchange, improved infrastructure, created employment, stimulated industrialization, and expanded technology transfer, thereby benefiting host countries. ", "China unveils action plan on Belt and Road Initiative", "CrowdReviews Partnered with Strategic Marketing & Exhibitions to Announce: One Belt, One Road Forum", "Explained: What is the Blue Dot network, on the table during Trump visit to India", "What is the Blue Dot Network and is it really the West's response to China's Belt and Road project? ), as well as foreign auditors (Deloitte, member of the world Big Four) and consulting centers (Norwegian Rystad Energy and others.). & Industry for National Defense, CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, Central Leading Group for Inspection Work, Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission, Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong), Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police, Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideology, Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization, Central Publicity (Propaganda) Department, National Press and Publication Administration, National Radio and Television Administration, Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs, Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits, International Development Cooperation Agency, International Military Cooperation Office, State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, Constitution of the People's Republic of China, State Council of the People's Republic of China, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, China Communications Construction Company, The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM), List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative, International North–South Transport Corridor, List of the largest trading partners of China, List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean, List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, List of ports and harbors of the Arctic Ocean, List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean, List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean, Category: Ports and harbors of Antarctica, "Wǒ wěi děng yǒuguān bùmén guīfàn "Yīdài Yīlù" chàngyì Yīngwén yì fǎ", "Overview – Belt and Road Initiative Forum 2019", "The pandemic is hurting China's Belt and Road Initiative", "President Xi proposes Silk Road economic belt", "President Xi Jinping Delivers Important Speech and Proposes to Build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian Countries", "Chronology of China's Belt and Road Initiative", "What is China's Belt and Road Initiative? Her successor, President Moon Jae-in announced his own foreign policy initiative, the "New Southern Policy" (NSP), which seeks to strengthen relations with Southeast Asia. ", This page was last edited on 8 March 2021, at 17:30. The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, first proposed in October 2013, is a development bank dedicated to lending for infrastructure projects. These new coal plants would make it virtually impossible to meet the goals set in the Paris climate accord, which aims to keep the increase in global temperatures from preindustrial levels below 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit. ", He, Baogang. [126], BRI debt trap is considered an economic dimension of China's salami slice strategy. 140 countries are part of the BRI* according to www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn. [clarification needed][unreliable source? [118], There has been concern over the project being a form of neocolonialism[by whom?]. [4], The Belt and Road Initiative is about improving the physical infrastructure through land corridors that roughly equate to the old Silk Road. Andrea Rossini: Venezia, si incaglia la via della Seta. Last May, China’s president Xi Jinping hosted the first Belt and Road Forum (“One Belt, One Road”) in Beijing, offering hundreds of billions of dollars to over 100 interested countries for infrastructure projects. Some observers and skeptics, mainly from non-participant countries, including the United States, interpret it as a plan for a sinocentric international trade network. [33], The official name for the initiative is the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Development Strategy (丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路发展战略).,[34] which was initially abbreviated as the One Belt One Road (Chinese: 一带一路) or the OBOR strategy. The objectives of the Silk Road Economic Belt are in sync with its parent initiative, One Belt One Road. Portugal glaubt an die Seidenstrasse in Neue Zürcher Zeitung 6 December 2018. Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera, 5 November 2019. Henning Vöpel, Director of the Hamburg World Economic Institute, recognizes that the North Range (i.e. Belt and Road Initiative - Framework Agreement, Copy of signed VG-NDRC Framework Agreement 2019 - English version, Copy of signed VG-NDRC Framework Agreement 2019 - Chinese version, a coordination and engagement mechanism between Victoria and China, a future Roadmap for cooperation on specific initiatives. [80][81] This also applies to the logistics connections between Turkey and the free port of Trieste, which are important for the Silk Road, and from there by train to Rotterdam and Zeebrugge. [77], The international free zone of Trieste provides in particular special areas for storage, handling and processing as well as transit zones for goods. [75], One of the Chinese bridgeheads in Europe is the port of Piraeus. It is also about logistics promotion between the North Adriatic port and Shanghai or Guangdong. [58] Since the second Belt and Road Forum in 2019, BCIM has been dropped from the list of projects due to India's refusal to participate in the Belt and Road Initiative. "The political economy of a rising China in Southeast Asia: Malaysia’s response to the Belt and Road Initiative.". "Chinese expanded perceptions of the region and its changing attitudes toward the Indo-Pacific: A hybrid vision of the institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific. [39][40][41] Scholars have noted that official PRC media attempts to mask any strategic dimensions of the Belt and Road Initiative as a motivation. The Government will consider both Victoria’s and the national interest before agreeing to any specific activity. [52], The COVID-19 pandemic has stopped work on some projects, while some have been scrapped; focus has been brought on projects that were already of questionable economic viability before the pandemic. The Framework Agreement provides mechanisms for ongoing cooperation and engagement and … [135] BRI educational component implies mutual recognition of qualifications, academic mobility and student exchanges, coordination on education policy, life-long learning, and development of joint study programmes. Andreas Eckert: "Mit Mao nach Daressalam", Zacharias Zacharakis: Chinas Anker in Europa. The "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" (Chinese:21世纪海上丝绸之路), or just the Maritime Silk Road, is the sea route 'corridor. Andrew Wheeler: How Trieste could become the Singapore of the Adriatic in Asia Shipping Media – Splash247, 19 February 2019. All in all, the ship connections for container transports between Asia and Europe will be reorganized. Lai, Karen P.Y., Shaun Lin and James D. Sidaway. On top of that, more than 80 countries and international organizations signed cooperation agreements with China. [citation needed]. In several countries such as Zambia, Ethiopia and Ghana, dams have been built with Chinese help. "China's 'Debt Diplomacy' Is a Misnomer. "Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018. "Geocultural Power: China’s Belt and Road Initiative. According to estimates, the entire project today affects more than 60% of the world's population and approximately 35% of the global economy. [120] Scholarly review has suggested that there is little evidence for China engaging in debt trap diplomacy. Three belts are proposed. After securing Senate support for new laws, the Morrison government risks inflaming tensions with China if it cancels Victoria's Belt and Road agreement. China’s signing Belt & Road MoU with the Cook Islands and Niue caught Wellington by surprise, as did news that China would be building a deep water port on Penrhyn Island in the Cooks, and a 64 km expressway around Niue while also upgrading wharves and ports. The South belt runs from China through Southeast Asia and South Asia and on to the Indian Ocean through Pakistan. P&O Ferrymasters Launches New Intermodal Services Linking Turkey To Rotterdam And Zeebrugge Hubs Via Trieste. [48] The bank began operation on 16 January 2016, and approved its first four loans in June. From Hong Kong, the southern route reduces transport to Munich from 37 to 28 days. The development of port infrastructure and increasing shipping associated with the maritime Belt and Road Initiative could impact sensitive species and marine habitats like coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass meadows and saltmarsh. [89] There are also further contacts between Hamburg, Bremen and Trieste with regard to cooperation. In: World Cargo News, 17 December 2019. [138], The University Alliance of the Silk Road centered at Xi'an Jiaotong University aims to support the Belt and Road initiative with research and engineering, and to foster understanding and academic exchange. In March 2019, the China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) signed agreements to promote the ports of Trieste and Genoa. Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), pp 59. [85], According to a study by the University of Antwerp, the maritime route via Trieste dramatically reduces transport costs. As a wealthy country, Singapore does not need massive external financing or technical assistance for domestic infrastructure building, but repeatedly endorsed the BRI and cooperated in related projects in a quest for global relevance and to strengthen economic ties with BRI recipients. Chile reaffirmed its willingness to increase trade with China. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Japan’s Response: from Non-participation to Conditional Engagement. This also includes a state Hungarian investment of 100 million euros for a 32 hectare logistics center and funding from the European Union of 45 million euros in 2020 for the development of the railway system in the port city. [132][133] Home Affairs minister Peter Dutton described BRI as "a propaganda initiative from China" that brings an "enormous amount of foreign interference" and "Victoria needs to explain why it is the only state in the country that has entered into this agreement". Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1–14. [102] Coal-fired power stations, such as Emba Hunutlu power station in Turkey, are being built, thus increasing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. [133][134], Along with policy coordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade and financial integration, people-to-people bonds are among the five major goals of BRI. [72], From the Chinese point of view, Africa is important as a market, raw material supplier and platform for the expansion of the new Silk Road – the coasts of Africa should be included. For China itself, a report from Fitch Ratings doubts Chinese banks' ability to control risks, as they do not have a good record of allocating resources efficiently at home. In contrast to the longer East Asia traffic via northwest Europe, the south-facing sea route through the Suez Canal towards the Trieste bridgehead shortens the transport of goods by at least four days. The strategy will integrate China with Central Asia through Kazakhstan's Nurly Zhol infrastructure program.[67]. Prime minister Scott Morrison said Victoria was stepping into federal government policy territory, "We didn’t support that decision at the time they made [the agreement]. [18] The gaping need for long term capital explains why many Asian and Eastern European heads of state "gladly expressed their interest to join this new international financial institution focusing solely on 'real assets' and infrastructure-driven economic growth". This steering committee reports directly into the State Council of the People's Republic of China and is composed of several political heavyweights, evidence of the importance of the program to the government. The maritime Silk Road runs with its links from the Chinese coast to the south via Hanoi to Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur through the Strait of Malacca via the Sri Lankan Colombo opposite the southern tip of India via Malé, the capital of the Maldives, to the East African Mombasa, from there to Djibouti, then through the Red Sea over the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean, there via Haifa, Istanbul and Athens to the Upper Adriatic to the northern Italian junction of Trieste with its international free port and its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea. [4], The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, first proposed in October 2013, is a development bank dedicated to lending for infrastructure projects. The example of Munich shows that the transport there from Shanghai via Trieste takes 33 days, while the northern route takes 43 days. [44], On 28 March 2015, China's State Council outlined the principles, framework, key areas of cooperation and cooperation mechanisms with regard to the initiative. [23] Development of the Renminbi as a currency of international transactions, development of the infrastructures of Asian countries, strengthening diplomatic relations whilst reducing dependency on the US and creating new markets for Chinese products, exporting surplus industrial capacity, and integrating commodities-rich countries more closely into the Chinese economy are all objectives of the BRI.[24]. [94][unreliable source? Due to the attractiveness of this now subsidized sea route and the related investments, there have been major shifts in the logistics chains of the shipping sector in recent years. To date, more than 130 countries have issued endorsements. Tanzania President terms China's BRI port project exploitative, "China is thinking twice about lending to Africa", Wider connotations of Chinese ‘salami slicing’, "Japan and the EU sign infrastructure deal to rival China's Belt and Road", "Japan and EU ink infrastructure cooperation pact in counter to China's Belt and Road", "Memorandum of Understanding between the state of Victoria in Australia and the People's Republic of China", "China's belt and road initiative: what is it and why is Victoria under fire for its involvement? [115], The United States proposes a counter-initiative called the "Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategy" (FOIP). In contrast to the longer East Asian traffic via north-west Europe, the southern sea route through the Suez Canal towards the junction Trieste shortens the goods transport by at least four days. According to Carmen Reinhart, the World Bank's chief economist, 60% of the lending from Chinese banks is to developing countries where sovereign loans are negotiated bilaterally, and in secret. [42] China has already invested billions of dollars in several South Asian countries like Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Afghanistan to improve their basic infrastructure, with implications for China's trade regime as well as its military influence. ", "Turnbull plays down Belt and Road fears", "Vision And Actions On Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt And 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road", "Education Action Plan for the Belt and Road Initiative", "Constructing a Eurasian higher education region: "Points of correspondence" between Russia's Eurasian Economic Union and China's Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia", "Xi proposes a 'new Silk Road' with Central Asia", "University alliance seeks enhanced education co-op along Silk Road", "University collaboration takes the Silk Road route", "OFNRS – Observer, analyser et conseiller", "Follow the New Silk Road: China's growing trail of think tanks and lobbyists in Europe", "Central Asia in Asia: Charting Growing Transregional Linkages", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641, Chinese Revolution Could Lure Overseas Investment, Official website by Office of the Leading Group for the Belt and Road Initiative, Economic corridor in Greater Mekong Subregion, China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor, New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor, China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor, Uzbekistan-Tajikistan-China International Highway, China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan International Highway, Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar Economic Corridor, Sino-Latin American Production Capacity Cooperation Investment Fund, Special Loan Program for China-Latin America Infrastructure Project, Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia, Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation, Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, China-Pacific Island Countries Economic Development and Cooperation Forum, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the People's Republic of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, 2017 re-election as Party general secretary, General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series, General Secretary Xi Jinping's kindness we never forget, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&oldid=1011031862, Articles with dead external links from November 2020, Articles containing Chinese-language text, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Promote economic development and inter-regional connectivity, Another corridor will run from Northern China through Mongolia to the, Chansok, L. (2019): The Belt and Road Initiative and Cambodia's Infrastructure Connectivity Development: A Cambodian Perspective. Many leaders on the continent are demanding debt forgiveness, and The Economist forecasts a wave of defaults on these loans. In particular, there are many land-based links such as the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Corridor (BCIM). "Hafen Triest nun mit Bahnverbindung nach Nürnberg", Gerald Pohl: Neue Seidenstraße: China drängt es nach Europa. The initiative would create a cohesive economic area by building both hard infrastructure such as rail and road links and soft infrastructure such as trade agreements and a common commercial legal structure with a court system to police the agreements. L’initiative ‘Belt and Road’et la stratégie chinoise Lancée en 2013 personnellement par le Président chinois M. Xi Jinping au cours de sa visite au Kazakhstan et en Indonésie, l’initiative s’est inspirée de l’esprit de la Route de la Soie, période qui fut marquée par la paix, une volonté accrue de coopération, d’ouverture et d’échange mutuel. A modern deep-water port, a satellite city, an airfield and an industrial area are being built in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Education, Science, Culture and Public Health, Environment Protection and Resources Conservation, State Council (Central People's Government), State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission, State Administration for Sci., Tech. [8] According to Chellaney, this is "clearly part of China's geostrategic vision". ", Jones, Lee, and Jinghan Zeng. [136][137] To this end, Xi Jinping announced plan to allocate funds for additional 30000 scholarships for SCO citizens and 10000 scholarships for the students and teachers along the Road. Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018). China has long been the object of scrutiny at COP – the annual United Nations climate conference – as the world’s largest emitter. 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States such as Panama, Bolivia and Chile have already committed to participate in the “Belt and Road initiative”. A report from the World Pensions Council (WPC) estimates that Asia, excluding China, requires up to US$900 billion of infrastructure investments per year over the next decade, mostly in debt instruments, 50% above current infrastructure spending rates. [86], From 2025, the Brenner Base Tunnel will also link the upper Adriatic with southern Germany. It is described as pro–Belt and Road Initiative and pro-China. [119][better source needed] The idea of debt trap diplomacy was created by an Indian Think Tank before being expanded on by papers by two Harvard Students, which gained media attention. [22][38] Some geopolitical analysts have couched the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of Halford Mackinder's heartland theory. Bernhard Simon: Die natürlichen Grenzen der Neuen Seidenstraße. '[8] It is a complementary initiative aimed at investing and fostering collaboration in Southeast Asia, Oceania and Africa through several contiguous bodies of water: the South China Sea, the South Pacific Ocean, and the wider Indian Ocean area. (No. [citation needed]. 2019-32. The maritime silk road runs with its connections from the Chinese coast to the south via Hanoi to Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur through the Strait of Malacca via the Sri Lankan Colombo towards the southern tip of India via Malé, the capital of the Maldives, to the East African Mombasa, from there to Djibouti, then through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there via Haifa, Istanbul and Athens to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its international free port and its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea. The Silk Road Fund would invest in businesses rather than lend money to the projects. [55] The initiative projects receive financial support from the Silk Road Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank while they are technically coordinated by the B&R Summit Forum. [95][96], The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM) was proposed to run from southern China to Myanmar and was initially officially classified as "closely related to the Belt and Road Initiative". transport via the North Sea ports to Europe) is not necessarily the one that will remain dominant in the medium term. [8], The initiative was incorporated into the Constitution of the People's Republic of China in 2017. [26][27][28][29], As a result, Poland, the Baltic States, Northern Europe and Central Europe are also connected to the maritime silk road and logistically linked to East Africa, India and China via the Adriatic ports and Piraeus. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 12 July 2018. A critical look at Chinese ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: The rise of a meme. In March 2019, Italy was the first member of the Group of Seven nations to join the BRI. Lin, Shaun and Carl Grundy-Warr. [4] The Chinese government calls the initiative "a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future. China is already Chile’s largest trade partner. ], The delegates of the conference were representatives of the leadership of Russian and corporations (Gazprom, Lukoil, Rosatom, Rosgeologiya, Vnesheconombank, Morneftegazproekt, Murmanshelf, Russian Helicopters, etc. As of 2015, China announced that over one trillion yuan (US$160 billion) of infrastructure related projects were in planning or construction. Warenverkehr der Seidenstraße läuft übers Meer, Thomas Fischer: Viele europäische Länder fürchten Chinas Einfluss. ", Shah, Abdur Rehman. Cheung FM and Hong Y-Y (eds), Chen, Yaowen, et al. Victorian Premier Daniel Andrews signed a Belt and Road agreement in October. Some Western governments have accused the Belt and Road Initiative of being neocolonial due to what they allege is China's practice of debt-trap diplomacy to fund the initiative's infrastructure projects. China is the UAE’s biggest trading partner, with UAE-China bilateral trade exceeding $53.3bn in 2017, and plans to grow this to more than $70bn by 2020, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid, Vice President and Ruler of Dubai, said recently. Frankfurt am Main 2017, S. 59; Chinesen wollen verstärkt im Hafen Triest investieren, In: Kleine Zeitung 16 May 2017; Marco Kauffmann Bossart: Chinas Seidenstrasse-Initiative bringt Griechenland Investitionen und Jobs. [130][131], In 2018, the premier of the southeastern Australian state of Victoria, Daniel Andrews, signed a memorandum of understanding on the Belt and Road Initiative to establish infastructure ties and further relations with China. The general stand of African countries sees BRI as a tremendous opportunity for independence from foreign aid and influence. This was stated by representatives of Vnesheconombank at the International conference Development of the shelf of Russia[93] and the CIS — 2019 (Petroleum Offshore of Russia), held in Moscow. [49], In November 2014, Xi Jinping announced a US$40 billion development fund, which would be separate from the banks and not part of the CPEC investment. Porto off limits per le navi cinesi in TGR Veneto (RAI), 16 January 2020.